There are 14 nationalities, including the Yi people, Hani people, Dai people, Lahu people, and Wa people in Pu'er. They live harmoniously together with their own customs. Pu'er is the region in southwestern China to share borders with the largest number of countries, whose 486-km-long boundary line connects with Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. The colorful national culture, ecological culture, border district, and tea culture infiltrate the border city with profound spirit.

Mojiang County and Lancang County are the only autonomous counties for the Hani people and the Lahu people respectively. The ancient Xuanfu Office site in Menglian County reflects the history and culture of the Dai people. The National Unity Oath Stele in Pu'er is hailed as the first stele for national unity of new China. There are numerous national festivals including the Wooden Drum Festival of Wa people, Calabash Festival of Lahu people, the Twins Festival, and the Three Kingdoms Packet Loss Carnival. Famous high-quality songs popular in thousands of families, including Vows, Dai People Sing New Songs, and Really Cannot Let you Go, were written here.